SST102 Human Factors and Systems Design SUSS Assignment Sample Singapore

SST102 Human Factors and Systems Design course is designed to provide an introduction to the field of human factors and systems design. Human factors is the study of how people interact with systems, products, and environments, and how these interactions can be designed to optimize performance, safety, and user experience.

Throughout this course, we will explore topics such as cognitive psychology, ergonomics, human-computer interaction, and design thinking, among others. We will examine how human factors principles can be applied in the design of products, systems, and environments to enhance usability, efficiency, and user satisfaction. By the end of this course, you will have a solid understanding of human factors and systems design, and be able to apply these principles to real-world design problems. You will also gain practical skills in design thinking, user-centered design, and usability testing, which are highly valued in a variety of industries.

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In this section, we will provide some assignment tasks. These are:

Assignment Task 1: Define the human factors and systems approach.

The human factors and systems approach is a multidisciplinary field that focuses on understanding the relationship between people and technology in complex systems. It is an approach that seeks to design systems that are safe, efficient, and effective by considering the capabilities and limitations of the people who interact with them.

The human factors aspect of this approach considers the cognitive, physical, and social characteristics of individuals and how they interact with technology. It aims to design systems that are intuitive, easy to learn and use, and that minimize the risk of error or accidents. This includes considering factors such as the design of user interfaces, the layout of control panels, the organization of information, and the use of feedback mechanisms.

The systems aspect of this approach considers the broader context in which technology is used, including the organizational structure, communication protocols, and the external environment. It aims to design systems that are resilient, adaptable, and that can cope with unexpected events or changes in circumstances. This includes considering factors such as the design of procedures, the allocation of responsibilities, the coordination of activities, and the use of automation.

Assignment Task 2: Discuss the principles underlying human factors and the implications for design.

Human factors refer to the scientific study of how people interact with their environment, including the tools, machines, and systems they use. Human factors principles seek to optimize human performance, safety, and well-being, by designing products, systems, and environments that are intuitive, efficient, and effective for human use. The following are some of the key principles underlying human factors and their implications for design:

1. Human-Centered Design: The design should be centered around the needs and abilities of the end-user. Designers should take into account the users’ physical and cognitive abilities, preferences, and limitations when designing products, systems, and environments.
2. Cognitive Load: People have limited cognitive capacity, and designers must consider this when designing interfaces and systems. Designers should aim to minimize cognitive load by reducing distractions and unnecessary information.
3. Feedback and Control: Users need feedback and control to understand the system’s state and behavior. Designers should provide users with clear and timely feedback, and the ability to control the system’s behavior.
4. Consistency and Standards: Consistency and standards promote ease of use and reduce errors. Designers should aim for consistency in the user interface and follow established standards, such as interface guidelines and design patterns.
5. Error Prevention and Recovery: Designers should anticipate and prevent errors in the design, but also provide ways for users to recover from errors when they occur.
6. Usability Testing: Designers should test their designs with users to identify usability issues and improve the design.

Overall, human factors principles are critical to designing products, systems, and environments that are safe, effective, and efficient for human use. By taking into account the needs and limitations of the end-users, designers can create products and systems that are intuitive, easy to use, and reduce the risk of errors and accidents.

Assignment Task 3: Describe human capabilities and limitations and their relevance to systems, workplace and environmental design.

Human capabilities and limitations play a significant role in the design of systems, workplaces, and the environment. Understanding these capabilities and limitations is crucial for creating environments and systems that are safe, effective, and efficient.

Human capabilities refer to the abilities that individuals possess to interact with the environment, perform tasks, and adapt to changes. These capabilities include physical, cognitive, and sensory abilities. Physical capabilities refer to strength, dexterity, and coordination, while cognitive capabilities refer to memory, attention, and decision-making. Sensory capabilities refer to the ability to perceive information through the senses, such as sight, hearing, and touch.

Human limitations refer to the constraints or restrictions that individuals face in their interaction with the environment. These limitations can be physical, cognitive, or sensory. Physical limitations include mobility impairments, such as difficulty walking or using stairs, while cognitive limitations include difficulties with memory or concentration. Sensory limitations include visual or hearing impairments.

The relevance of human capabilities and limitations to systems design is significant. Systems must be designed with human capabilities in mind to ensure that they are safe and easy to use. For example, designing a control panel with large, easy-to-read buttons is essential for individuals with visual impairments. Similarly, designing a workplace that accommodates physical limitations, such as installing wheelchair ramps, is crucial for ensuring that all employees can perform their jobs effectively.

Workplace design must also take into account the physical and cognitive capabilities and limitations of employees. For example, providing ergonomic workstations that are adjustable to fit the individual needs of employees can help reduce physical strain and improve overall comfort. Additionally, providing a quiet and distraction-free workspace can improve concentration and cognitive performance.

Environmental design must also consider human capabilities and limitations. For example, designing a public space that is accessible to individuals with mobility impairments or sensory impairments is essential for ensuring that everyone can enjoy the space equally. Similarly, designing buildings that are energy-efficient can help reduce the physical strain of maintaining a comfortable temperature.

Assignment Task 4: Explain human-machine system design principles.

Human-machine system design principles refer to the guidelines and strategies that are used to create effective and efficient systems that integrate human and machine capabilities. These principles are intended to ensure that the system is designed in a way that maximizes both human and machine performance while minimizing errors, workload, and other negative consequences.

Here are some key human-machine system design principles:

1. User-Centered Design: The system design should focus on the needs, goals, and capabilities of the users. It should be designed with the end-user in mind, taking into account their cognitive and physical abilities, as well as their preferences and limitations.
2. Automation: The system should be designed to automate tasks that are tedious, repetitive, or error-prone, while still allowing for human oversight and intervention when necessary. The goal of automation is to improve efficiency, reduce errors, and minimize workload.
3. Feedback: The system should provide timely and relevant feedback to the user to help them monitor their performance and make corrections as needed. Feedback can be visual, auditory, or haptic, and should be designed to be easily understood and actionable.
4. Error Prevention and Recovery: The system should be designed to prevent errors from occurring in the first place, and to allow for easy recovery in the event of an error. This can be achieved through redundancy, error detection and correction, and user training.
5. Human-Machine Interface: The system should have a well-designed human-machine interface (HMI) that allows for efficient and effective interaction between the user and the machine. The HMI should be intuitive, easy to learn, and easy to use, and should take into account the user’s cognitive and physical abilities.
6. Training and Education: The system should be designed to support user training and education, to ensure that users have the necessary skills and knowledge to operate the system effectively and safely.

Overall, the goal of human-machine system design principles is to create systems that are reliable, efficient, and safe, while still taking into account the unique capabilities and limitations of both humans and machines.

Assignment Task 5: Identify and make effective recommendations to correct human factors deficiencies in existing human-machine-workplace-environment system.

Identifying and correcting human factors deficiencies in a complex system involves a comprehensive approach that addresses various aspects of the system. Here are some steps to consider:

1. Conduct a Human Factors Analysis: A human factors analysis involves identifying and evaluating the various factors that can influence human performance in a particular system. This can include factors such as environmental conditions, workload, ergonomics, task design, and human limitations. A thorough analysis of these factors can help identify the root causes of human factors deficiencies and guide the development of effective solutions.
2. Engage Stakeholders: Engaging stakeholders such as workers, supervisors, and managers in the analysis process can help ensure that their concerns and insights are taken into account. Stakeholders can provide valuable feedback on the work environment and identify areas where improvements can be made.
3. Develop and Implement Solutions: Once the human factors analysis has been completed, the next step is to develop and implement solutions that address the identified deficiencies. Solutions can range from ergonomic improvements to work processes, training programs to improve human performance, and changes in the physical environment.
4. Evaluate and Monitor Progress: After implementing solutions, it is important to evaluate and monitor their effectiveness. This can be done through ongoing monitoring and data collection, as well as regular feedback from workers and other stakeholders.

Some specific recommendations for correcting human factors deficiencies in a system may include:

• Providing training programs to improve worker skills and knowledge
• Implementing ergonomic improvements to workstations and equipment
• Reducing workload and increasing breaks to prevent fatigue
• Improving communication between workers and management
• Developing better work processes and procedures
• Enhancing the physical environment to reduce distractions and improve worker comfort and safety
• Encouraging worker participation in decision-making processes and fostering a culture of safety and collaboration

Assignment Task 6: Illustrate how human factors principles are applied to deal with safety in the workplace.

Human factors principles are essential in creating a safe and healthy workplace environment. These principles recognize the importance of human behavior, capabilities, and limitations in ensuring safety in the workplace. Here are some ways in which human factors principles are applied to deal with safety in the workplace:

1. Design of work equipment and tools: Human factors principles are applied to the design of work equipment and tools to ensure that they are safe and easy to use. For instance, controls and displays are designed to be intuitive and easy to read, reducing the chances of errors or accidents.
2. Ergonomics: Ergonomics is the science of designing the workplace to fit the worker, and human factors principles are used to ensure that workstations, tools, and equipment are ergonomically designed. This helps to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injuries and other physical strains.
3. Training and education: Human factors principles are used to design training and education programs that promote safe behavior in the workplace. Employees are taught about potential hazards and how to use equipment and tools safely. This can also include simulation exercises and drills to help employees understand how to respond to emergencies.
4. Communication: Effective communication is crucial in promoting safety in the workplace. Human factors principles are applied to ensure that communication channels are clear and concise, and that employees understand the importance of reporting hazards, incidents, and near-misses.
5. Organizational culture: Human factors principles are applied to create a positive safety culture in the workplace. This involves encouraging employees to be proactive in identifying and reporting hazards, and creating a supportive environment where employees feel comfortable speaking up about safety concerns.

Assignment Task 7: Show how different human factors methods are appropriately applied for evaluation, design and research.

Human factors methods are used in various stages of product development, from evaluating existing designs to researching new designs. Here are some examples of how different human factors methods are appropriately applied for evaluation, design, and research:

1. Usability testing: Usability testing is a method of evaluating the usability of a product by observing users as they complete tasks with it. This method is most commonly used during the design phase of product development to identify usability issues before the product is released to the market. It can also be used to evaluate the usability of existing products and identify areas for improvement.
2. Task analysis: Task analysis is a method used to identify the steps involved in completing a particular task. This method is most commonly used during the design phase to identify the user’s goals and the steps they take to achieve those goals. Task analysis can also be used during evaluation to identify usability issues related to the user’s ability to complete a task.
3. Focus groups: Focus groups are a method of qualitative research in which a group of people is asked about their perceptions, opinions, and attitudes towards a particular topic or product. This method is often used during the research phase of product development to gather insights about user needs, preferences, and behaviors. Focus groups can also be used during evaluation to gather feedback on existing products.
4. Expert review: Expert review is a method of evaluation in which experts in the field evaluate a product for usability and identify potential issues. This method is often used during the design phase to identify potential usability issues before testing with users begins. Expert review can also be used during evaluation to identify areas for improvement in existing products.
5. Card sorting: Card sorting is a method used to understand how users categorize information. This method is often used during the design phase to inform the information architecture of a product. It can also be used during evaluation to identify issues related to the organization and presentation of information in existing products.
6. Surveys: Surveys are a method of quantitative research in which a large number of people are asked a set of questions to gather data about their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. This method is often used during the research phase to gather insights about user needs, preferences, and behaviors. Surveys can also be used during evaluation to gather feedback on existing products.

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